Assisted assignment of automotive safety requirements

ISO 26262, a functional-safety standard, uses Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASILs) to assign safety requirements to automotive-system elements. System designers initially assign ASILs to system-level hazards and then allocate them to elements of the refined system architecture. Through ASIL decomposition, designers can divide a function & rsquo;s safety requirements among multiple components. However, in practice, manual ASIL decomposition is difficult and produces varying results. To overcome this problem, a new tool automates ASIL allocation and decomposition. It supports the system and software engineering life cycle by enabling users to efficiently allocate safety requirements regarding systematic failures in the design of critical embedded computer systems. The tool is applicable to industries with a similar concept of safety integrity levels. © 1984-2012 IEEE

Annexins as cell-type-specific markers in the developing chicken chorionallantoic membrane

Between day E8 and E12 of embryonic development, the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) undergoes massive structural rearrangement enabling calcium-uptake from the eggshell to supply the growing embryo. However, the contribution of the various cell types of the chorionic epithelium including the capillary covering (CC) cells, villus cavity (VC) cells, endothelial-like cells, and basal cells to this developmental program is largely unknown. In order to obtain markers for the different cell types in the chorionic epithelium, we determined the expression patterns of various calcium-binding annexins in the developing chicken CAM. By reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction with primers deduced from nucleotide sequences available in various databases, the presence of annexin (anx)-1, anx-2, anx-5, and anx-6 was demonstrated at days E8 and E12. Quantitative immunoblotting with novel antibodies raised against the recombinant proteins revealed that anx-1 and anx-5 were significantly up-regulated at day E12, whereas anx-2 and anx-6 expression remained almost unchanged in comparison to levels at day E8. Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded sections of E12 CAM revealed anx-1 in CC cells and VC cells. Anx-2 was localized in capillaries in the chorionic epithelium and in basal cells of the allantoic epithelium, whereas anx-6 was detected in basal cells or endothelial-like cells of the chorionic epithelium and in the media of larger vessels in the mesenchyme. A 2-day exposure of the CAM to a tumor cell spheroid resulted in strong proliferation of anx-1-expressing CC cells suggesting that these cells participate in the embryonic response to experimental intervention. Thus, annexins exhibit complementary expression patterns and represent appropriate cell markers for the further characterization of CAM development and the interpretation of results obtained when using CAM as an experimental mode

História, ambiente e povos indígenas no extremo Norte do Brasil: Impactos da construção da BR-156 em Oiapoque, Amapá (1976-1981)

O artigo apresenta um estudo sobre o conflito causado pela construção da rodovia BR-156 onde, atualmente, é a Terra Indígena Uaçá, habitada por indígenas Palikur, Karipuna e Galibi Marworno em Oiapoque, Estado do Amapá, Brasil. O objetivo foi analisar as mobilizações desses povos em torno da proteção de seus territórios e as discussões com os agentes do Estado no período da Ditadura Civil-Militar, entre os anos de 1976 e 1981. Foi utilizado o conceito de conflito socioambiental, definido pela Antropologia como disputas entre grupos sociais que se relacionam de diferentes maneiras com o meio natural, envolvendo três dimensões básicas: o mundo biofísico e seus múltiplos ciclos naturais, o mundo humano e suas estruturas sociais e o relacionamento dinâmico e interdependente entre esses dois mundos. No caso da BR-156, o conflito se dá pela intervenção do Estado na região do Uaçá para atender a interesses desenvolvimentistas, enquanto os povos indígenas da região lidaram com os impactos diretos da obra. As principais fontes analisadas foram artigos dos periódicos Boletim do CIMI e Mensageiro, que apresentam forte defesa em relação às demandas indígenas. Assim, a partir do estudo, foi possível perceber que, durante a Ditadura, o processo de construção da BR-156 foi marcado por pressões, imposições e ameaças por parte do governo, que teve como resposta a organização e a resistência dos habitantes da TI Uaçá em defesa de seus territórios

Wear analysis promoted in simulated canals apical third after endodontic preparation with K3 Taper .04 System

The authors analyzed the wear in apical third after K3 .04 System preparation. 12 sets of instruments were used and 12 simulated canals in transparent epoxy resin blocks with angles of curvature 20 and 40 degrees. Canals were photographed before preparation and after the utilization of instruments which prepared the apical stop: 30, 35, 40 e 45. The images were overposed in Adobe Photoshop program and the wear was measured in millimeters, in two points, 1 (A) and 5 (B) millimeters from the working length. By Variance Analysis the interaction existence was studied among these three factors: canal curvature, instrument caliber and curve location. In canals of 20 degrees, in both analyzed points, the wear mean promoted by instrument 40 and instrument 35 there was not statistically significant. In canals of 40 degrees, in location A, there was not statistically significant difference in the wear mean promoted by four different instruments. There was a deviation from the original trajectory to the outside the curve, in both analyzed points

Wear promoted in the apical third of simulated canals after instrumentation with protaper universal system

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the wear in the apical third of simulate canals after preparation with ProTaper Universal Rotary System. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 24 sets of instruments were used in 24 simulated canals in transparent epoxy resin blocks with degree of curvature of either 20°or 40°. The canals were photographed preoperatively and after preparation of the apical stop with ProTaper F3, F4 and F5 instruments. The initial and final images were exported to Adobe Photoshop® software and superimposed to detect the root canal wall differences (in mm) between them, in two points located 1 (A) and 5 (B) mm from the point where the working length was established. Data were subjected to analysis of variance to verify the existence of interaction among the factors: canal curvature, instrument size and curve location. Significant level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Regardless of the location and the canal curvature, F4 and F5 instruments produced the greatest wear (

A EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA NO ENSINO MÉDIO: UM OLHAR SOBRE O CORPO

The aims of this study were to investigate which aspects concerning to the body are stressed by teachers and to find out how they would be approached in high school Physical Education classes in Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews with 21 teachers from distinct schools. Appearance and health were the most valued aspects concerning the body. These themes seem to appear in discussions about habits and practices related to health, sexuality and body diversity during high school physical education classes.  Los objetivos de este estudio fueron investigar y discutir cuáles son los aspectos relacionados al cuerpo, en la contemporaneidad, que son destacados por los profesores, además de verificar de qué manera serían, eventualmente, abordados en las clases de Educación Física de la enseñanza media de escuelas de Rio de Janeiro. Los datos han sido obtenidos mediante entrevista semiestructurada realizada a 21 profesores de diferentes instituciones. Se detectó que la apariencia y la salud son los aspectos del cuerpo más valorados. Estas temáticas parecen ser contempladas en las clases de Educación Física en la enseñanza media a partir de abordajes sobre prácticas y hábitos relativos a la salud, la sexualidad y la diversidad corporal.  Os objetivos deste estudo são investigar e discutir quais aspectos relacionados ao corpo na contemporaneidade são destacados pelos professores, assim como verificar de que maneira seriam, eventualmente, abordados nas aulas de Educação Física do ensino médio de escolas do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram obtidos mediante aplicação de entrevista semiestruturada com 21 professores de diferentes instituições. Observou-se que a aparência e a saúde sobressaíram como os aspectos mais valorizados no corpo. Essas temáticas parecem ser contempladas nas aulas de Educação Física no ensino médio, a partir de abordagens sobre práticas e hábitos relativos à saúde, à sexualidade e à diversidade corporal.

Nurses' performance in classifying heart failure patients based on physical exam : comparison with cardiologist's physical exam and levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide

Aim.The purpose of this study is to compare clinical assessment of congestion performed by a nurse to that performed bycardiologist and correlate them with NT-ProBNP levels.Background.The nurses’ role in heart failure has been strongly focused in therapeutic, educational and self-care interventions.The diagnostic performance of nurses in heart failure outpatients is not well explored. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptideis a cardiac marker that reflects elevated filling pressures.Design.Cross-sectional contemporaneous study.Methods.Heart failure outpatients underwent a systematic clinical assessment of clinical congestion score performed by car-diologist and nurse during the same visit. Assessments were performed independently and N-terminal pro-B-type natriureticpeptide levels obtained. The nurses’ ability to classify patients in hemodynamic profile was compared to the cardiologist’s.Results.Eighty-nine assessments were performed in 63 patients with heart failure. The correlation of clinical congestion scoresobtained by nurse with those obtained by cardiologist wasrs=0Æ86;p<0Æ001. The correlation of clinical congestion scoresfrom nurse and cardiologist with levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were as follows:rs=0Æ45;p<0Æ0001 andrs=0Æ51, respectively,p<0Æ0001. Patients with clinical congestion score‡3 had levels of NT-ProBNP significantly higher thanthose with clinical congestion score<3, in the assessment performed by the cardiologist (1866 SD 1151 vs. 757 SD 988 pg/ml;p<0Æ0001) and by the nurse (1720 SD 1228 vs. 821 SD 914 pg/ml;p<0Æ0001). The nurse and cardiologist had similarcapacity in classifying patients in congested quadrants (p=0Æ027) or in dry quadrants (p=0Æ03), according to the levels ofN-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of the nurse and cardiologist todetect congestion was, respectively, 0Æ77 and 0Æ72. Conclusions.Our data suggests that nurses trained in heart failure may have a similar performance to that of the cardiologistfor the clinical detection of congestion and assessment of the hemodynamic profile in patients with chronic heart failure

ESTUDO SOBRE A VIABILIDADE DA ALTERAÇÃO DOS PADRÕES CONSTRUTIVOS DOS ELETRODOS DE ATERRAMENTO VISANDO A UTILIZAÇÃO E FISCALIZAÇÃO EM PROJETOS

O presente artigo aborda um estudo sobre a viabilidade da alteração dos padrões construtivos dos eletrodos de aterramento visando sua utilização e fiscalização em projetos e principalmente no auxílio da fiscalização das montagens de padrões de entrada de energia elétrica. O estudo se iniciou devido a impossibilidade da fiscalização de hastes de aterramento instaladas em padrões de entrada por parte dos profissionais que fiscalizam e aprovam as montagens dos padrões de ligação solicitados pelos clientes. Infelizmente a montagem desses padrões nem sempre são realizadas por profissionais da área e por este motivo em alguns casos, a haste de aterramento é seccionada com o objetivo de facilitar a sua aplicação no solo, essa ação pode prejudicar de forma significativa o aterramento da instalação em questão, pois em casos que a resistência de aterramento fica menor nas camadas mais profundas do solo, o comprimento da haste exerce influência significativa nos valores de resistência de aterramento e seu comprimento inferior ao recomendado pode não oferecer uma resistência operativa satisfatória e segura a instalação elétrica a ser atendida. Outro fato relevante é o descumprimento das regulamentações para ligação de padrões de entrada definido pelas concessionárias de energia elétrica do país

ULearnEnglish: An Open Ubiquitous System for Assisting in Learning English Vocabulary

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